On alternative frameworks

[continuing an argument from earlier…]

I think that intellectual diversity and academic freedom are good baseline values, but that they are not so obviously a positive value in pedagogy. Students genuinely look to their instructors for information about approaches to pursue, and not all frameworks (etc.) are of equal value. Let us suppose that I subscribe to theory P and you to theory (≠ P). Necessarily one of the following must be true:

(1) P and Q are mere notational variants (i.e., weakly equivalent or better).
(2) P is “more right” than Q or is “more right” than P.

In the case of (1), the best pedagogical practice would probably be to continue to propagate whichever of {P, Q} is more widely used, more intellectually robust, etc. For instance if is the more robust tradition, efforts to “port” insights and technologies from Q to P contribute little, and often quite difficult in practice. Of course this doesn’t mean that P and its practitioners should be suppressed or anything of the sort, but there is no strong imperative to transmit P to young scholars.

In the case of (2), the best practice is also to focus pedagogy on whichever of the two is “more right”. Of course it is often useful to teach the intellectual history, and it is not always clear which theory is out ahead, but it is imperative to make sure students are conversant in the most promising approaches.

In the case of computational syntactic formalisms, weak equivalences hold between minimalist grammars (MGs) as formalized by Stabler and colleagues) and most of the so-called alternative formalisms. It is also quite clear to me that insights largely flow from minimalism and friends (broadly construed) to the alternative formalisms, and not the other way around. Finally, efforts to “port” these insights to alternative formalisms have stalled, or perhaps are just many years behind the bleeding edge in syntactic theory. (1) therefore applies, and I simply don’t see the strong imperative to teach the alternative formalisms.

In the case of computational phonology, there is also an emerging consensus that harmonic grammar (HG) of the sort learned by “maxent” technologies) have substantial pathologies compared to earlier formalisms, so that classic Optimality Theory (OT) is clearly “less wrong”. I am similarly sympathetic to arguments that global evaluation frameworks including HG and OT are overly constrained with respect to opacity phenomena and overgenerate in other dimensions, and these issues of expressivity are not shared with imperative (i.e., rule-based) and declarative (i.e., “weakly deterministic” formalisms of the “Delaware school”). (2) thus applies here.

Of course I am not advocating for restrictions on academic freedom or speech in general; I make this argument only regarding best pedagogical practices, and I’m not sure I’m in the right here.

Trust me, I’m a linguist

Grice’s maxim of quantity requires that one give no more information than is strictly required. This is somestimes misunderstood as a firm constraint, but one intuition you may have—and which is nicely expressed by rational speech act theory—is that apparent violations of this maxim by an otherwise cooperative speaker may actually tell you that seemingly-irrelevant information is, in the mind of the speaker, of great relevance to the discourse.


I recently read two interviews in which the subject—crucially, not a working linguist—drew attention to their linguistics education.

The first is this excellent profile of Joss Sackler, a woman who married into the Sackler opioid fortune. To be fair, she does hold a PhD in Hispanic & Luso-Brazilian literatures & languages (dissertation here), which ought to qualify one, but her response to the Town & Country reporter asking some bad press is exactly the kind of non-sequitur a rational speaker ought not to make: “They’re going to regret fucking with a linguist. They already do.”

The second comes from interviews with Nicole Daedone, the co-founder of an organization (it’s hard to describe, just read about it if you’re interested) called OneTaste. I’ve now read several profiles of her (the first was in the New York Times, I think, years ago, but I can’t find it anymore), and in each they mention that she studied linguistics in San  Francisco; one source says she has a bachelor’s degree in “gender communications and semantics” from San Francisco State University, another says she was at some point working on a linguistics PhD there. The relevance was again unclear to me, but later I read the very interesting book Future Sex, which also profiles her. There, there is a brief discussion of the lexical semantics of pussy; Daedone, who is (it’s complicated) a sex educator, proposes that it fills a lexical lacuna, by providing a single term that refers to the human vulva and vagina as a whole.


This all makes me wonder whether to the general public, linguistics really connotes brilliance, and, perhaps, tenacity. And it makes me wonder whether one could actually wield their linguistics education as a shield against criticisms having nothing to do with language per se.